TY - JOUR
T1 - Childhood and long-term dietary calcium intake and adult cardiovascular risk in a population with high calcium intake
AU - Wu, Feitong
AU - Pahkala, Katja
AU - Juonala, Markus
AU - Rovio, Suvi P.
AU - Sabin, Matthew A.
AU - Rönnemaa, Tapani
AU - Smith, Kylie J.
AU - Jula, Antti
AU - Lehtimäki, Terho
AU - Hutri-Kähönen, Nina
AU - Kähönen, Mika
AU - Laitinen, Tomi
AU - Viikari, Jorma S.A.
AU - Raitakari, Olli T.
AU - Magnussen, Costan G.
N1 - Funding Information:
The Young Finns Study has been financially supported by the Academy of Finland : grants 322098 , 286284 , 134309 (Eye), 126925 , 121584 , 124282 , 129378 (Salve), 117787 (Gendi), and 41071 (Skidi); the Social Insurance Institution of Finland ; Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospitals (grant X51001 ); Juho Vainio Foundation ; Paavo Nurmi Foundation ; Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research ; Finnish Cultural Foundation ; The Sigrid Juselius Foundation ; Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation ; Emil Aaltonen Foundation ; Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation ; Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation ; Diabetes Research Foundation of Finnish Diabetes Association ; and EU Horizon 2020 (grant 755320 for TAXINOMISIS); and European Research Council (grant 742927 for MULTIEPIGEN project); Tampere University Hospital Supporting Foundation . This study was supported by a grant from the National Health and Medical Research Council Project Grant ( APP1098369 ). FW is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Early Career Fellowship ( APP1158661 ) and a 2019 Australian Endeavour Research Leadership Award ( ERLA_PDR_235352_2018 ). KJS is supported by NHMRC Early Career Fellowship ( APP1072516 ). CGM was supported by a National Heart Foundation of Australia Future Leader Fellowship ( 100849 ). They did not have any role in the study concept, design, data analysis, writing of the manuscript, or submission of the manuscript for publication. The researchers are totally independent of the funders.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism
Copyright:
Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/4
Y1 - 2021/4
N2 - Background & aims: The influence of dietary calcium intake in childhood on adult cardiovascular health is unknown, particularly in those with long-term high intake. To examine both linear and non-linear associations of childhood and long-term (between childhood and adulthood) dietary calcium intake with adult cardiovascular risk outcomes. Methods: A population-based prospective cohort study in Finland (n = 1029, aged 3–18 years at baseline). Dietary calcium intake was assessed in childhood (1980, baseline) and adulthood (mean of available data from 2001, 2007 and 2011). Long-term dietary calcium intake was calculated as the mean between childhood and adulthood. Outcomes were measured in 2001, 2007, and/or 2011, and the latest available data were used for analyses, including high carotid intima-media thickness, hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides, arterial pulse wave velocity (PWV), carotid artery compliance (CAC), Young's elastic modulus (YEM), and stiffness index (SI). Results: There were no significant non-linear or linear associations between childhood or long-term dietary calcium intake with any adult cardiovascular outcomes, after adjustment for age, sex, and childhood and adulthood confounders (e.g., body mass index, systolic blood pressure, smoking, physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption). Conclusions: Childhood or long-term dietary calcium intake that is higher than the recommended level is not associated with increased cardiovascular risk in adulthood.
AB - Background & aims: The influence of dietary calcium intake in childhood on adult cardiovascular health is unknown, particularly in those with long-term high intake. To examine both linear and non-linear associations of childhood and long-term (between childhood and adulthood) dietary calcium intake with adult cardiovascular risk outcomes. Methods: A population-based prospective cohort study in Finland (n = 1029, aged 3–18 years at baseline). Dietary calcium intake was assessed in childhood (1980, baseline) and adulthood (mean of available data from 2001, 2007 and 2011). Long-term dietary calcium intake was calculated as the mean between childhood and adulthood. Outcomes were measured in 2001, 2007, and/or 2011, and the latest available data were used for analyses, including high carotid intima-media thickness, hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides, arterial pulse wave velocity (PWV), carotid artery compliance (CAC), Young's elastic modulus (YEM), and stiffness index (SI). Results: There were no significant non-linear or linear associations between childhood or long-term dietary calcium intake with any adult cardiovascular outcomes, after adjustment for age, sex, and childhood and adulthood confounders (e.g., body mass index, systolic blood pressure, smoking, physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption). Conclusions: Childhood or long-term dietary calcium intake that is higher than the recommended level is not associated with increased cardiovascular risk in adulthood.
KW - Cardiovascular risk
KW - Cohort
KW - Dietary calcium intake
KW - Paediatric
U2 - 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.09.007
DO - 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.09.007
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85091686543
VL - 40
SP - 1926
EP - 1931
JO - CLINICAL NUTRITION
JF - CLINICAL NUTRITION
SN - 0261-5614
IS - 4
ER -