Comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and predictors of cognitive functioning at six months after COVID-19 in patients treated in the ICU, regular hospital ward, or isolated at home

Cognitive impairment in patients with COVID-19 has been reported, but findings are inconsistent. This study assessed cognitive functioning 6 months post-infection across three COVID-19 severity groups compared to non-COVID controls. Seventy-two ICU-treated, 49 ward-treated, and 44 home-isolated patients with COVID-19, along with 48 controls, underwent neuropsychological evaluation and assessment of subjective cognitive symptoms, depressive symptoms, and fatigue. Cognitive test scores were compared using ANCOVA. Associations between cognitive functioning and variables including demographics, illness severity, comorbidities, depressive symptoms, fatigue, and ICU-related factors were examined with hierarchical linear regression models. Results showed no significant differences in cognitive test performance of impairment frequencies between COVID-19 groups and controls. However, patients with COVID-19 reported higher levels of subjective cognitive symptoms, depressive symptoms, and fatigue compared to controls. Predictors of cognitive functioning included age, education, and, to a lesser extent, comorbidities. COVID-19 severity, depression, fatigue, or ICU-related variables did not significantly impact performance. These findings suggest that while individual cognitive impairments may exist, overall cognitive functioning in patients with COVID-19 was comparable to controls.