Deliberation under the circumstances of acute crises: addressing the democratic deficit of crisis management

An acute, unexpected crisis can seriously undermine the performance of various democratic functions, leading to democratic deficits in crisis management. This paper builds on deliberative democracy theory and crisis management. Utilizing an analytical framework that considers each stage of a crisis, we elaborate on the demands for democratic deliberation and scrutinize the roles that institutions of citizen deliberation can fill in societal emergency crises. The paper relies on several empirical studies on deliberative mini-publics organized before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as relevant theoretical literature concerning the impacts of deliberative mini-publics. The findings cast light on the possibilities and challenges of citizen deliberation in crisis management. Lastly, we provide some recommendations for practitioners to mitigate these challenges.