Effect of long-acting nifedipine on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in patients with stable angina requiring treatment (ACTION trial): Randomised controlled trial

Background Calcium antagonists are widely prescribed for angina pectoris but their effect on clinical outcome is controversial. We aimed to investigate the effect of the calcium antagonist nifedipine on long-term outcome in patients with stable angina pectoris. Methods We randomly assigned 3825 patients with treated stable symptomatic coronary disease to double-blind addition of nifedipine GITS (gastrointestinal therapeutic system) 60 mg once daily and 3840 to placebo. The primary endpoint was the combination of death, acute myocardial infarction, refractory angina, new overt heart failure, debilitating stroke, and peripheral revascularisation. Mean follow-up was 4·9 years (SD 1·1). Analysis was by intention to treat. Findings 310 patients allocated nifedipine died (1.64 per 100 patient-years) compared with 291 people allocated placebo (1·53 per 100 patient-years; hazard ratio 1·07 [95% CI 0·91-1·25], p=0·41). Primary endpoint rates were 4·60 per 100 patient-years for nifedipine and 4·75 per 100 patient-years for placebo (0·97 [0·88-1·07], p=0·54). With nifedipine, rate of death and any cardiovascular event or procedure was 9·32 per 100 patient-years versus 10·50 per 100 patient-years for placebo (0·89 [0·83-0·95], p=0·0012). The difference was mainly attributable to a reduction in the need for coronary angiography and interventions in patients assigned nifedipine, despite an increase in peripheral revascularisation. Nifedipine had no effect on the rate of myocardial infarction. Interpretation Addition of nifedipine GITS to conventional treatment of angina pectoris has no effect on major cardiovascular event-free survival. Nifedipine GITS is safe and reduces the need for coronary angiography and interventions.