Measuring concern about smile appearance among adults

Bianca Nubia Souza Silva; Lucas Arrais Campos; Bianca Gonzalez Martins; João Marôco; Timo Peltomäki; Juliana Alvares Duarte Bonini Campos

doi:10.1093/ejo/cjae053

Measuring concern about smile appearance among adults

Bianca Nubia Souza Silva, Lucas Arrais Campos, Bianca Gonzalez Martins, João Marôco, Timo Peltomäki, Juliana Alvares Duarte Bonini Campos

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: To adapt and estimate the psychometric properties of Utrecht Questionnaire for esthetic outcome assessment in rhinoplasty (OAR) to assess concern about smile appearance and to estimate the influence of demographic characteristics on this concern in adults. Material/Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study. Individuals aged between 18 and 40 years participated in the study. The Portuguese version of OAR was adapted for smile assessment in dental practice and was named Questionnaire for Outcome Assessment of Smile Aesthetic (OA-Smile). Data validity was estimated using factorial validity [confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)—CFI, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), SRMR)] and convergent validity (average variance extracted). Reliability was assessed using the alpha ordinal coefficient (α_ordinal) and the omega coefficient (ω). A structural model was elaborated to assess the contribution of demographic characteristics to smile appearance concerns. Model fit was evaluated, and the z-test (α = 5%) was used to estimate the significance of the path estimates (β). Results: 2.523 subjects participated in the study [mean age = 32.86 (SD = 11.39) years, 68.1% female]. The factor model of orofacial appearance (OA)-Smile presented an adequate fit to the data [CFA: comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, SRMR ≤ 0.05]. Convergent validity (AVE ≥ 0.80) and reliability (α_ordinal and ω ≥ 0.85) were adequate. The structural model presented an acceptable fit (CFI = 0.974; TLI = 0.991 and SRMR = 0.053). Women, younger people, single people, people with lower income, people using dental prostheses, undergoing dental treatment, and those who do not like their smile were more concerned about their smile appearance. Limitations: Nonprobability sampling, online data collection, and cross-sectional design are considered limitations of the study. Conclusions/Implications: OA-Smile is a suitable scale to assess smile appearance concerns, and the data obtained with this scale were valid and reliable. Demographic characteristics should be considered when measuring concerns about smile appearance.

Original language	English
Article number	cjae053
Journal	European journal of orthodontics
Volume	46
Issue number	6
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjae053
Publication status	Published - 2024
Publication type	A1 Journal article-refereed

Funding

The study was supported by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel\u2014Brazil (CAPES)\u2014grant code 001 and grant #2019/19590-9 from S\u00E3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP).

Funders	Funder number
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior	001, 2019/19590-9
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Keywords

dental esthetics
psychometry
structural equation modeling
validation study

Publication forum classification

Publication forum level 1

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Orthodontics

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10.1093/ejo/cjae053Licence: CC BY

Measuring concern about smile appearance among adultsFinal published version, 388 KBLicence: CC BY

https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:tuni-202411059891Licence: CC BY

Cite this

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title = "Measuring concern about smile appearance among adults",

abstract = "Background/Objectives: To adapt and estimate the psychometric properties of Utrecht Questionnaire for esthetic outcome assessment in rhinoplasty (OAR) to assess concern about smile appearance and to estimate the influence of demographic characteristics on this concern in adults. Material/Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study. Individuals aged between 18 and 40 years participated in the study. The Portuguese version of OAR was adapted for smile assessment in dental practice and was named Questionnaire for Outcome Assessment of Smile Aesthetic (OA-Smile). Data validity was estimated using factorial validity [confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)—CFI, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), SRMR)] and convergent validity (average variance extracted). Reliability was assessed using the alpha ordinal coefficient (αordinal) and the omega coefficient (ω). A structural model was elaborated to assess the contribution of demographic characteristics to smile appearance concerns. Model fit was evaluated, and the z-test (α = 5%) was used to estimate the significance of the path estimates (β). Results: 2.523 subjects participated in the study [mean age = 32.86 (SD = 11.39) years, 68.1% female]. The factor model of orofacial appearance (OA)-Smile presented an adequate fit to the data [CFA: comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, SRMR ≤ 0.05]. Convergent validity (AVE ≥ 0.80) and reliability (αordinal and ω ≥ 0.85) were adequate. The structural model presented an acceptable fit (CFI = 0.974; TLI = 0.991 and SRMR = 0.053). Women, younger people, single people, people with lower income, people using dental prostheses, undergoing dental treatment, and those who do not like their smile were more concerned about their smile appearance. Limitations: Nonprobability sampling, online data collection, and cross-sectional design are considered limitations of the study. Conclusions/Implications: OA-Smile is a suitable scale to assess smile appearance concerns, and the data obtained with this scale were valid and reliable. Demographic characteristics should be considered when measuring concerns about smile appearance.",

keywords = "dental esthetics, psychometry, structural equation modeling, validation study",

author = "Silva, {Bianca Nubia Souza} and Campos, {Lucas Arrais} and Martins, {Bianca Gonzalez} and Jo{\~a}o Mar{\^o}co and Timo Peltom{\"a}ki and Campos, {Juliana Alvares Duarte Bonini}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Orthodontic Society.",

year = "2024",

doi = "10.1093/ejo/cjae053",

language = "English",

volume = "46",

number = "6",

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T1 - Measuring concern about smile appearance among adults

AU - Silva, Bianca Nubia Souza

AU - Campos, Lucas Arrais

AU - Martins, Bianca Gonzalez

AU - Marôco, João

AU - Peltomäki, Timo

AU - Campos, Juliana Alvares Duarte Bonini

PY - 2024

Y1 - 2024

N2 - Background/Objectives: To adapt and estimate the psychometric properties of Utrecht Questionnaire for esthetic outcome assessment in rhinoplasty (OAR) to assess concern about smile appearance and to estimate the influence of demographic characteristics on this concern in adults. Material/Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study. Individuals aged between 18 and 40 years participated in the study. The Portuguese version of OAR was adapted for smile assessment in dental practice and was named Questionnaire for Outcome Assessment of Smile Aesthetic (OA-Smile). Data validity was estimated using factorial validity [confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)—CFI, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), SRMR)] and convergent validity (average variance extracted). Reliability was assessed using the alpha ordinal coefficient (αordinal) and the omega coefficient (ω). A structural model was elaborated to assess the contribution of demographic characteristics to smile appearance concerns. Model fit was evaluated, and the z-test (α = 5%) was used to estimate the significance of the path estimates (β). Results: 2.523 subjects participated in the study [mean age = 32.86 (SD = 11.39) years, 68.1% female]. The factor model of orofacial appearance (OA)-Smile presented an adequate fit to the data [CFA: comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, SRMR ≤ 0.05]. Convergent validity (AVE ≥ 0.80) and reliability (αordinal and ω ≥ 0.85) were adequate. The structural model presented an acceptable fit (CFI = 0.974; TLI = 0.991 and SRMR = 0.053). Women, younger people, single people, people with lower income, people using dental prostheses, undergoing dental treatment, and those who do not like their smile were more concerned about their smile appearance. Limitations: Nonprobability sampling, online data collection, and cross-sectional design are considered limitations of the study. Conclusions/Implications: OA-Smile is a suitable scale to assess smile appearance concerns, and the data obtained with this scale were valid and reliable. Demographic characteristics should be considered when measuring concerns about smile appearance.

AB - Background/Objectives: To adapt and estimate the psychometric properties of Utrecht Questionnaire for esthetic outcome assessment in rhinoplasty (OAR) to assess concern about smile appearance and to estimate the influence of demographic characteristics on this concern in adults. Material/Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study. Individuals aged between 18 and 40 years participated in the study. The Portuguese version of OAR was adapted for smile assessment in dental practice and was named Questionnaire for Outcome Assessment of Smile Aesthetic (OA-Smile). Data validity was estimated using factorial validity [confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)—CFI, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), SRMR)] and convergent validity (average variance extracted). Reliability was assessed using the alpha ordinal coefficient (αordinal) and the omega coefficient (ω). A structural model was elaborated to assess the contribution of demographic characteristics to smile appearance concerns. Model fit was evaluated, and the z-test (α = 5%) was used to estimate the significance of the path estimates (β). Results: 2.523 subjects participated in the study [mean age = 32.86 (SD = 11.39) years, 68.1% female]. The factor model of orofacial appearance (OA)-Smile presented an adequate fit to the data [CFA: comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, SRMR ≤ 0.05]. Convergent validity (AVE ≥ 0.80) and reliability (αordinal and ω ≥ 0.85) were adequate. The structural model presented an acceptable fit (CFI = 0.974; TLI = 0.991 and SRMR = 0.053). Women, younger people, single people, people with lower income, people using dental prostheses, undergoing dental treatment, and those who do not like their smile were more concerned about their smile appearance. Limitations: Nonprobability sampling, online data collection, and cross-sectional design are considered limitations of the study. Conclusions/Implications: OA-Smile is a suitable scale to assess smile appearance concerns, and the data obtained with this scale were valid and reliable. Demographic characteristics should be considered when measuring concerns about smile appearance.

KW - dental esthetics

KW - psychometry

KW - structural equation modeling

KW - validation study

U2 - 10.1093/ejo/cjae053

DO - 10.1093/ejo/cjae053

M3 - Article

C2 - 39428974

AN - SCOPUS:85206872798

SN - 0141-5387

VL - 46

JO - European journal of orthodontics

JF - European journal of orthodontics

IS - 6

M1 - cjae053

ER -

Measuring concern about smile appearance among adults

Abstract

Funding

Keywords

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ASJC Scopus subject areas

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