Nanocluster Aerosol Emissions of a 3D Printer

Mikko Poikkimäki; Ville Koljonen; Niko Leskinen; Mikko Närhi; Oskari Kangasniemi; Oskari Kausiala; Miikka Dal Maso

doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b05317

Nanocluster Aerosol Emissions of a 3D Printer

Mikko Poikkimäki^*
, Ville Koljonen
, Niko Leskinen
, Mikko Närhi
, Oskari Kangasniemi
, Oskari Kausiala
, Miikka Dal Maso

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Scientific › peer-review

39 Citations (Scopus)

94 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Many studies exist that characterize the aerosol emissions from fused filament fabrication three-dimensional (3D) printers. However, nanocluster aerosol (NCA) particles, that is particles in a size range under 3 nm, are rarely studied. The purpose of this study was to characterize the NCA emissions and the contribution of NCA to the total particle number emissions from a 3D printer. We used a particle size magnifier and a scanning mobility particle sizer to measure the time evolution of particle size distribution, which was used to calculate the average NCA emission rates during a printer operation in a chamber. The NCA emission rates ranged from 1.4 × 10⁶ to 7.3 × 10⁹ s^-1 depending on the applied combination of filament material and nozzle temperature, showing increasing emission with increasing temperature. The NCA emissions constitute from 9 to 48% of the total emissions, that is, almost half of the particle emissions may have been previously neglected. Therefore, it is essential to include the low NCA size range in, for example, future 3D-printer-testing protocols, emission measurement standards, and risk management measures.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	13618−13628
Number of pages	11
Journal	Environmental Science and Technology
Volume	53
Issue number	23
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b05317
Publication status	Published - 7 Nov 2019
Publication type	A1 Journal article-refereed

Funding

We would like to thank Dr. Luis Mendes and Prof. Katrianne Lehtipalo at University of Helsinki and Dr. Anna-Kaisa Viitanen at Finnish Institute of Occupational Health for sharing the PSM number concentration data presented in Figure 2 of Mendes et al. (34) as well as the raw concentration data. This allowed the calculation of average NCA number concentrations and NCA fractions as a comparison to the results presented in this paper ( Table 1 ). The authors thank Airmodus Ltd for the nCNC A11 instrumentation employed in this study and for the help provided with the analysis of the PSM calibration data (Elina Miettinen and Dr. Joonas Vanhanen). We thank Prof. Jorma Keskinen for useful discussions. The authors acknowledge Tampere University Graduate School and the Maj and Tor Nessling Foundation (Grant no. 201700520) for financial support.

Publication forum classification

Publication forum level 2

ASJC Scopus subject areas

General Chemistry
Environmental Chemistry

Access to Document

10.1021/acs.est.9b05317

Nanocluster Aerosol Emissions of a 3D Printer 2019
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http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:tuni-201912317151

Nanocluster aerosol emissions of a 3D printer: the effect of nozzle temperature and filament material
Poikkimäki, M. (Speaker)
5 Mar 2019
Activity: Talk or presentation › Conference presentation
Nanocluster aerosol emissions of a 3D printer: the effect of nozzle temperature and filament material
Poikkimäki, M. (Speaker)
20 Jun 2018
Activity: Talk or presentation › Conference presentation

Nanocluster aerosol emissions of a 3D printer: the effect of nozzle temperature and filament material
Poikkimäki, M., Koljonen, V., Närhi, M., Kangasniemi, O., Kausiala, O., Leskinen, N. & Dal Maso, M., 5 Mar 2019.
Research output: Other conference contribution › Abstract › Scientific

Open Access
Nanocluster aerosol emissions of a 3D printer: the effect of nozzle temperature and filament material (WM3-02)
Poikkimäki, M., Koljonen, V., Närhi, M., Kangasniemi, O., Kausiala, O., Leskinen, N. & Dal Maso, M., 20 Jun 2018.
Research output: Other conference contribution › Abstract › Scientific

Cite this

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title = "Nanocluster Aerosol Emissions of a 3D Printer",

abstract = "Many studies exist that characterize the aerosol emissions from fused filament fabrication three-dimensional (3D) printers. However, nanocluster aerosol (NCA) particles, that is particles in a size range under 3 nm, are rarely studied. The purpose of this study was to characterize the NCA emissions and the contribution of NCA to the total particle number emissions from a 3D printer. We used a particle size magnifier and a scanning mobility particle sizer to measure the time evolution of particle size distribution, which was used to calculate the average NCA emission rates during a printer operation in a chamber. The NCA emission rates ranged from 1.4 × 106 to 7.3 × 109 s-1 depending on the applied combination of filament material and nozzle temperature, showing increasing emission with increasing temperature. The NCA emissions constitute from 9 to 48\% of the total emissions, that is, almost half of the particle emissions may have been previously neglected. Therefore, it is essential to include the low NCA size range in, for example, future 3D-printer-testing protocols, emission measurement standards, and risk management measures.",

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AU - Poikkimäki, Mikko

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AU - Leskinen, Niko

AU - Närhi, Mikko

AU - Kangasniemi, Oskari

AU - Kausiala, Oskari

AU - Dal Maso, Miikka

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N2 - Many studies exist that characterize the aerosol emissions from fused filament fabrication three-dimensional (3D) printers. However, nanocluster aerosol (NCA) particles, that is particles in a size range under 3 nm, are rarely studied. The purpose of this study was to characterize the NCA emissions and the contribution of NCA to the total particle number emissions from a 3D printer. We used a particle size magnifier and a scanning mobility particle sizer to measure the time evolution of particle size distribution, which was used to calculate the average NCA emission rates during a printer operation in a chamber. The NCA emission rates ranged from 1.4 × 106 to 7.3 × 109 s-1 depending on the applied combination of filament material and nozzle temperature, showing increasing emission with increasing temperature. The NCA emissions constitute from 9 to 48% of the total emissions, that is, almost half of the particle emissions may have been previously neglected. Therefore, it is essential to include the low NCA size range in, for example, future 3D-printer-testing protocols, emission measurement standards, and risk management measures.

AB - Many studies exist that characterize the aerosol emissions from fused filament fabrication three-dimensional (3D) printers. However, nanocluster aerosol (NCA) particles, that is particles in a size range under 3 nm, are rarely studied. The purpose of this study was to characterize the NCA emissions and the contribution of NCA to the total particle number emissions from a 3D printer. We used a particle size magnifier and a scanning mobility particle sizer to measure the time evolution of particle size distribution, which was used to calculate the average NCA emission rates during a printer operation in a chamber. The NCA emission rates ranged from 1.4 × 106 to 7.3 × 109 s-1 depending on the applied combination of filament material and nozzle temperature, showing increasing emission with increasing temperature. The NCA emissions constitute from 9 to 48% of the total emissions, that is, almost half of the particle emissions may have been previously neglected. Therefore, it is essential to include the low NCA size range in, for example, future 3D-printer-testing protocols, emission measurement standards, and risk management measures.

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DO - 10.1021/acs.est.9b05317

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SP - 13618−13628

JO - Environmental Science and Technology

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IS - 23

ER -

Nanocluster Aerosol Emissions of a 3D Printer

Abstract

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Activities

Nanocluster aerosol emissions of a 3D printer: the effect of nozzle temperature and filament material

Nanocluster aerosol emissions of a 3D printer: the effect of nozzle temperature and filament material

Research output

Nanocluster aerosol emissions of a 3D printer: the effect of nozzle temperature and filament material

Nanocluster aerosol emissions of a 3D printer: the effect of nozzle temperature and filament material (WM3-02)

Cite this