Project models and the practice of project management in different types of projects

Project management models and methodologies have been developed, to improve the efficiency and quality of project execution. The practice of project management may deviate from the models because of various unplanned circumstances that call for improvisation. This research aims to identify ways to enhance and develop the project models toward flexible implementation. A qualitative two-case study is reported, and three types of deviations from an existing project model are mapped. The results contribute by increased understanding on the rationale for deviating from the existing project models, and by revealing internally and externally driven individual and group-level approaches to improvisation.