Shipping Remains a Globally Significant Source of Anthropogenic PN Emissions Even after 2020 Sulfur Regulation

Niina Kuittinen; Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen; Jenni Alanen; Leonidas Ntziachristos; Hanna Hannuniemi; Lasse Johansson; Panu Karjalainen; Erkka Saukko; Mia Isotalo; Päivi Aakko-Saksa; Kati Lehtoranta; Jorma Keskinen; Pauli Simonen; Sanna Saarikoski; Eija Asmi; Tuomas Laurila; Risto Hillamo; Fanni Mylläri; Heikki Lihavainen; Hilkka Timonen; Topi Rönkkö

doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c03627

Shipping Remains a Globally Significant Source of Anthropogenic PN Emissions Even after 2020 Sulfur Regulation

Niina Kuittinen, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Jenni Alanen, Leonidas Ntziachristos, Hanna Hannuniemi, Lasse Johansson, Panu Karjalainen, Erkka Saukko, Mia Isotalo, Päivi Aakko-Saksa, Kati Lehtoranta, Jorma Keskinen, Pauli Simonen, Sanna Saarikoski, Eija Asmi, Tuomas Laurila, Risto Hillamo, Fanni Mylläri, Heikki Lihavainen, Hilkka TimonenTopi Rönkkö

Physics

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Abstract

Shipping is the main source of anthropogenic particle emissions in large areas of the globe, influencing climate, air quality, and human health in open seas and coast lines. Here, we determined, by laboratory and on-board measurements of ship engine exhaust, fuel-specific particle number (PN) emissions for different fuels and desulfurization applied in shipping. The emission factors were compared to ship exhaust plume observations and, furthermore, exploited in the assessment of global PN emissions from shipping, utilizing the STEAM ship emission model. The results indicate that most particles in the fresh ship engine exhaust are in ultrafine particle size range. Shipping PN emissions are localized, especially close to coastal lines, but significant emissions also exist on open seas and oceans. The global annual PN produced by marine shipping was 1.2 × 1028 (±0.34 × 1028) particles in 2016, thus being of the same magnitude with total anthropogenic PN emissions in continental areas. The reduction potential of PN from shipping strongly depends on the adopted technology mix, and except wide adoption of natural gas or scrubbers, no significant decrease in global PN is expected if heavy fuel oil is mainly replaced by low sulfur residual fuels. The results imply that shipping remains as a significant source of anthropogenic PN emissions that should be considered in future climate and health impact models.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	129–138
Number of pages	10
Journal	Environmental Science and Technology
Volume	55
Issue number	1
Early online date	8 Dec 2020
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c03627
Publication status	Published - 2021
Publication type	A1 Journal article-refereed

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Kuittinen, N., Jalkanen, J.-P., Alanen, J., Ntziachristos, L., Hannuniemi, H., Johansson, L., Karjalainen, P., Saukko, E., Isotalo, M., Aakko-Saksa, P., Lehtoranta, K., Keskinen, J., Simonen, P., Saarikoski, S., Asmi, E., Laurila, T., Hillamo, R., Mylläri, F., Lihavainen, H., ... Rönkkö, T. (2021). Shipping Remains a Globally Significant Source of Anthropogenic PN Emissions Even after 2020 Sulfur Regulation. Environmental Science and Technology, 55(1), 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c03627

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title = "Shipping Remains a Globally Significant Source of Anthropogenic PN Emissions Even after 2020 Sulfur Regulation",

abstract = "Shipping is the main source of anthropogenic particle emissions in large areas of the globe, influencing climate, air quality, and human health in open seas and coast lines. Here, we determined, by laboratory and on-board measurements of ship engine exhaust, fuel-specific particle number (PN) emissions for different fuels and desulfurization applied in shipping. The emission factors were compared to ship exhaust plume observations and, furthermore, exploited in the assessment of global PN emissions from shipping, utilizing the STEAM ship emission model. The results indicate that most particles in the fresh ship engine exhaust are in ultrafine particle size range. Shipping PN emissions are localized, especially close to coastal lines, but significant emissions also exist on open seas and oceans. The global annual PN produced by marine shipping was 1.2 × 1028 (±0.34 × 1028) particles in 2016, thus being of the same magnitude with total anthropogenic PN emissions in continental areas. The reduction potential of PN from shipping strongly depends on the adopted technology mix, and except wide adoption of natural gas or scrubbers, no significant decrease in global PN is expected if heavy fuel oil is mainly replaced by low sulfur residual fuels. The results imply that shipping remains as a significant source of anthropogenic PN emissions that should be considered in future climate and health impact models.",

author = "Niina Kuittinen and Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen and Jenni Alanen and Leonidas Ntziachristos and Hanna Hannuniemi and Lasse Johansson and Panu Karjalainen and Erkka Saukko and Mia Isotalo and P{\"a}ivi Aakko-Saksa and Kati Lehtoranta and Jorma Keskinen and Pauli Simonen and Sanna Saarikoski and Eija Asmi and Tuomas Laurila and Risto Hillamo and Fanni Myll{\"a}ri and Heikki Lihavainen and Hilkka Timonen and Topi R{\"o}nkk{\"o}",

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doi = "10.1021/acs.est.0c03627",

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pages = "129–138",

journal = "Environmental Science and Technology",

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Kuittinen, N, Jalkanen, J-P, Alanen, J, Ntziachristos, L, Hannuniemi, H, Johansson, L, Karjalainen, P, Saukko, E, Isotalo, M, Aakko-Saksa, P, Lehtoranta, K, Keskinen, J , Simonen, P, Saarikoski, S, Asmi, E, Laurila, T, Hillamo, R, Mylläri, F, Lihavainen, H, Timonen, H & Rönkkö, T 2021, 'Shipping Remains a Globally Significant Source of Anthropogenic PN Emissions Even after 2020 Sulfur Regulation', Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c03627

TY - JOUR

T1 - Shipping Remains a Globally Significant Source of Anthropogenic PN Emissions Even after 2020 Sulfur Regulation

AU - Kuittinen, Niina

AU - Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka

AU - Alanen, Jenni

AU - Ntziachristos, Leonidas

AU - Hannuniemi, Hanna

AU - Johansson, Lasse

AU - Karjalainen, Panu

AU - Saukko, Erkka

AU - Isotalo, Mia

AU - Aakko-Saksa, Päivi

AU - Lehtoranta, Kati

AU - Keskinen, Jorma

AU - Simonen, Pauli

AU - Saarikoski, Sanna

AU - Asmi, Eija

AU - Laurila, Tuomas

AU - Hillamo, Risto

AU - Mylläri, Fanni

AU - Lihavainen, Heikki

AU - Timonen, Hilkka

AU - Rönkkö, Topi

PY - 2021

Y1 - 2021

N2 - Shipping is the main source of anthropogenic particle emissions in large areas of the globe, influencing climate, air quality, and human health in open seas and coast lines. Here, we determined, by laboratory and on-board measurements of ship engine exhaust, fuel-specific particle number (PN) emissions for different fuels and desulfurization applied in shipping. The emission factors were compared to ship exhaust plume observations and, furthermore, exploited in the assessment of global PN emissions from shipping, utilizing the STEAM ship emission model. The results indicate that most particles in the fresh ship engine exhaust are in ultrafine particle size range. Shipping PN emissions are localized, especially close to coastal lines, but significant emissions also exist on open seas and oceans. The global annual PN produced by marine shipping was 1.2 × 1028 (±0.34 × 1028) particles in 2016, thus being of the same magnitude with total anthropogenic PN emissions in continental areas. The reduction potential of PN from shipping strongly depends on the adopted technology mix, and except wide adoption of natural gas or scrubbers, no significant decrease in global PN is expected if heavy fuel oil is mainly replaced by low sulfur residual fuels. The results imply that shipping remains as a significant source of anthropogenic PN emissions that should be considered in future climate and health impact models.

AB - Shipping is the main source of anthropogenic particle emissions in large areas of the globe, influencing climate, air quality, and human health in open seas and coast lines. Here, we determined, by laboratory and on-board measurements of ship engine exhaust, fuel-specific particle number (PN) emissions for different fuels and desulfurization applied in shipping. The emission factors were compared to ship exhaust plume observations and, furthermore, exploited in the assessment of global PN emissions from shipping, utilizing the STEAM ship emission model. The results indicate that most particles in the fresh ship engine exhaust are in ultrafine particle size range. Shipping PN emissions are localized, especially close to coastal lines, but significant emissions also exist on open seas and oceans. The global annual PN produced by marine shipping was 1.2 × 1028 (±0.34 × 1028) particles in 2016, thus being of the same magnitude with total anthropogenic PN emissions in continental areas. The reduction potential of PN from shipping strongly depends on the adopted technology mix, and except wide adoption of natural gas or scrubbers, no significant decrease in global PN is expected if heavy fuel oil is mainly replaced by low sulfur residual fuels. The results imply that shipping remains as a significant source of anthropogenic PN emissions that should be considered in future climate and health impact models.

U2 - 10.1021/acs.est.0c03627

DO - 10.1021/acs.est.0c03627

M3 - Article

SN - 0013-936X

VL - 55

SP - 129

EP - 138

JO - Environmental Science and Technology

JF - Environmental Science and Technology

IS - 1

ER -

Shipping Remains a Globally Significant Source of Anthropogenic PN Emissions Even after 2020 Sulfur Regulation

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