Suitability of different methods for measuring black carbon emissions from marine engines

Päivi Aakko-Saksa; Niina Kuittinen; Timo Murtonen; Päivi Koponen; Minna Aurela; Anssi Järvinen; Kimmo Teinilä; Sanna Saarikoski; Luis M.F. Barreira; Laura Salo; Panu Karjalainen; Ismael K. Ortega; David Delhaye; Kati Lehtoranta; Hannu Vesala; Pasi Jalava; Topi Rönkkö; Hilkka Timonen

doi:10.3390/atmos13010031

Suitability of different methods for measuring black carbon emissions from marine engines

Päivi Aakko-Saksa^*
, Niina Kuittinen
, Timo Murtonen
, Päivi Koponen
, Minna Aurela
, Anssi Järvinen
, Kimmo Teinilä
, Sanna Saarikoski
, Luis M.F. Barreira
, Laura Salo
, Panu Karjalainen
, Ismael K. Ortega
, David Delhaye
, Kati Lehtoranta
, Hannu Vesala
, Pasi Jalava
, Topi Rönkkö
, Hilkka Timonen

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Scientific › peer-review

17 Citations (Scopus)

108 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Black carbon (BC) emissions intensify global warming and are linked to adverse health effects. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) considers the impact of BC emissions from international shipping. A prerequisite for the anticipated limits to BC emissions from marine engines is a reliable measurement method. The three candidate methods (photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), laser-induced incandescence (LII), and filter smoke number (FSN)) selected by the IMO were evaluated with extensive ship exhaust matrices obtained by different fuels, engines, and emission control devices. A few instruments targeted for atmospheric measurements were included as well. The BC concentrations were close to each other with the smoke meters (AVL 415S and 415SE), PAS (AVL MSS), LII (Artium-300), MAAP 5012, aethalometers (Magee AE-33 and AE-42), and EC (TOA). In most cases, the standard deviation between instruments was in the range of 5–15% at BC concentrations below 30 mg Sm⁻³. Some differences in the BC concentrations measured with these instruments were potentially related to the ratio of light-absorbing compounds to sulphates or to particle sizes and morphologies. In addition, calibrations, sampling, and correction of thermophoretic loss of BC explained differences in the BC results. However, overall differences in the BC results obtained with three candidate methods selected by the IMO were low despite challenging exhaust compositions from marine diesel engines. Findings will inform decision making on BC emission control from marine engines.

Original language	English
Article number	31
Journal	Atmosphere
Volume	13
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010031
Publication status	Published - 2021
Publication type	A1 Journal article-refereed

Funding

Funding: This research was funded by Business Finland (SEA-EFFECTS BC No 40356/14 and BC footprint No 1441/31/2019), Traficom (198717/02.03.00/2020), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme (H2020 TUBE No 814978), Academy of Finland Flagship funding (grant nos. 337552, 337551), and from industrial partners. This research was funded by Business Finland (SEA-EFFECTS BC No 40356/14 and BC footprint No 1441/31/2019), Traficom (198717/02.03.00/2020), the European Union?s Horizon 2020 programme (H2020 TUBE No 814978), Academy of Finland Flagship funding (grant nos. 337552, 337551), and from industrial partners.

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 14 Life Below Water

Keywords

Aethalometer
Black carbon
EC TOA
FSN
Instrumental comparison
LII
MAAP
Marine engine emissions
PAS
Smoke meter

Publication forum classification

Publication forum level 1

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Environmental Science (miscellaneous)

Access to Document

10.3390/atmos13010031Licence: CC BY

Suitability of different methods for measuringFinal published version, 2.72 MBLicence: CC BY

https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:tuni-202201111231Licence: CC BY

Cite this

Aakko-Saksa, P., Kuittinen, N., Murtonen, T., Koponen, P., Aurela, M., Järvinen, A., Teinilä, K., Saarikoski, S., Barreira, L. M. F., Salo, L., Karjalainen, P., Ortega, I. K., Delhaye, D., Lehtoranta, K., Vesala, H., Jalava, P., Rönkkö, T., & Timonen, H. (2021). Suitability of different methods for measuring black carbon emissions from marine engines. Atmosphere, 13(1), Article 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010031

@article{af7a49a0ec064907929240167c920673,

title = "Suitability of different methods for measuring black carbon emissions from marine engines",

abstract = "Black carbon (BC) emissions intensify global warming and are linked to adverse health effects. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) considers the impact of BC emissions from international shipping. A prerequisite for the anticipated limits to BC emissions from marine engines is a reliable measurement method. The three candidate methods (photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), laser-induced incandescence (LII), and filter smoke number (FSN)) selected by the IMO were evaluated with extensive ship exhaust matrices obtained by different fuels, engines, and emission control devices. A few instruments targeted for atmospheric measurements were included as well. The BC concentrations were close to each other with the smoke meters (AVL 415S and 415SE), PAS (AVL MSS), LII (Artium-300), MAAP 5012, aethalometers (Magee AE-33 and AE-42), and EC (TOA). In most cases, the standard deviation between instruments was in the range of 5–15\% at BC concentrations below 30 mg Sm−3. Some differences in the BC concentrations measured with these instruments were potentially related to the ratio of light-absorbing compounds to sulphates or to particle sizes and morphologies. In addition, calibrations, sampling, and correction of thermophoretic loss of BC explained differences in the BC results. However, overall differences in the BC results obtained with three candidate methods selected by the IMO were low despite challenging exhaust compositions from marine diesel engines. Findings will inform decision making on BC emission control from marine engines.",

keywords = "Aethalometer, Black carbon, EC TOA, FSN, Instrumental comparison, LII, MAAP, Marine engine emissions, PAS, Smoke meter",

author = "P{\"a}ivi Aakko-Saksa and Niina Kuittinen and Timo Murtonen and P{\"a}ivi Koponen and Minna Aurela and Anssi J{\"a}rvinen and Kimmo Teinil{\"a} and Sanna Saarikoski and Barreira, \{Luis M.F.\} and Laura Salo and Panu Karjalainen and Ortega, \{Ismael K.\} and David Delhaye and Kati Lehtoranta and Hannu Vesala and Pasi Jalava and Topi R{\"o}nkk{\"o} and Hilkka Timonen",

note = "Funding Information: Funding: This research was funded by Business Finland (SEA-EFFECTS BC No 40356/14 and BC footprint No 1441/31/2019), Traficom (198717/02.03.00/2020), the European Union{\textquoteright}s Horizon 2020 programme (H2020 TUBE No 814978), Academy of Finland Flagship funding (grant nos. 337552, 337551), and from industrial partners. Funding Information: This research was funded by Business Finland (SEA-EFFECTS BC No 40356/14 and BC footprint No 1441/31/2019), Traficom (198717/02.03.00/2020), the European Union?s Horizon 2020 programme (H2020 TUBE No 814978), Academy of Finland Flagship funding (grant nos. 337552, 337551), and from industrial partners. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.",

year = "2021",

doi = "10.3390/atmos13010031",

language = "English",

volume = "13",

journal = "Atmosphere",

issn = "2073-4433",

publisher = "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)",

number = "1",

}

Aakko-Saksa, P, Kuittinen, N, Murtonen, T, Koponen, P, Aurela, M, Järvinen, A, Teinilä, K, Saarikoski, S, Barreira, LMF, Salo, L , Karjalainen, P, Ortega, IK, Delhaye, D, Lehtoranta, K, Vesala, H, Jalava, P, Rönkkö, T & Timonen, H 2021, 'Suitability of different methods for measuring black carbon emissions from marine engines', Atmosphere, vol. 13, no. 1, 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010031

TY - JOUR

T1 - Suitability of different methods for measuring black carbon emissions from marine engines

AU - Aakko-Saksa, Päivi

AU - Kuittinen, Niina

AU - Murtonen, Timo

AU - Koponen, Päivi

AU - Aurela, Minna

AU - Järvinen, Anssi

AU - Teinilä, Kimmo

AU - Saarikoski, Sanna

AU - Barreira, Luis M.F.

AU - Salo, Laura

AU - Karjalainen, Panu

AU - Ortega, Ismael K.

AU - Delhaye, David

AU - Lehtoranta, Kati

AU - Vesala, Hannu

AU - Jalava, Pasi

AU - Rönkkö, Topi

AU - Timonen, Hilkka

N1 - Funding Information: Funding: This research was funded by Business Finland (SEA-EFFECTS BC No 40356/14 and BC footprint No 1441/31/2019), Traficom (198717/02.03.00/2020), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme (H2020 TUBE No 814978), Academy of Finland Flagship funding (grant nos. 337552, 337551), and from industrial partners. Funding Information: This research was funded by Business Finland (SEA-EFFECTS BC No 40356/14 and BC footprint No 1441/31/2019), Traficom (198717/02.03.00/2020), the European Union?s Horizon 2020 programme (H2020 TUBE No 814978), Academy of Finland Flagship funding (grant nos. 337552, 337551), and from industrial partners. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

PY - 2021

Y1 - 2021

N2 - Black carbon (BC) emissions intensify global warming and are linked to adverse health effects. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) considers the impact of BC emissions from international shipping. A prerequisite for the anticipated limits to BC emissions from marine engines is a reliable measurement method. The three candidate methods (photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), laser-induced incandescence (LII), and filter smoke number (FSN)) selected by the IMO were evaluated with extensive ship exhaust matrices obtained by different fuels, engines, and emission control devices. A few instruments targeted for atmospheric measurements were included as well. The BC concentrations were close to each other with the smoke meters (AVL 415S and 415SE), PAS (AVL MSS), LII (Artium-300), MAAP 5012, aethalometers (Magee AE-33 and AE-42), and EC (TOA). In most cases, the standard deviation between instruments was in the range of 5–15% at BC concentrations below 30 mg Sm−3. Some differences in the BC concentrations measured with these instruments were potentially related to the ratio of light-absorbing compounds to sulphates or to particle sizes and morphologies. In addition, calibrations, sampling, and correction of thermophoretic loss of BC explained differences in the BC results. However, overall differences in the BC results obtained with three candidate methods selected by the IMO were low despite challenging exhaust compositions from marine diesel engines. Findings will inform decision making on BC emission control from marine engines.

AB - Black carbon (BC) emissions intensify global warming and are linked to adverse health effects. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) considers the impact of BC emissions from international shipping. A prerequisite for the anticipated limits to BC emissions from marine engines is a reliable measurement method. The three candidate methods (photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), laser-induced incandescence (LII), and filter smoke number (FSN)) selected by the IMO were evaluated with extensive ship exhaust matrices obtained by different fuels, engines, and emission control devices. A few instruments targeted for atmospheric measurements were included as well. The BC concentrations were close to each other with the smoke meters (AVL 415S and 415SE), PAS (AVL MSS), LII (Artium-300), MAAP 5012, aethalometers (Magee AE-33 and AE-42), and EC (TOA). In most cases, the standard deviation between instruments was in the range of 5–15% at BC concentrations below 30 mg Sm−3. Some differences in the BC concentrations measured with these instruments were potentially related to the ratio of light-absorbing compounds to sulphates or to particle sizes and morphologies. In addition, calibrations, sampling, and correction of thermophoretic loss of BC explained differences in the BC results. However, overall differences in the BC results obtained with three candidate methods selected by the IMO were low despite challenging exhaust compositions from marine diesel engines. Findings will inform decision making on BC emission control from marine engines.

KW - Aethalometer

KW - Black carbon

KW - EC TOA

KW - FSN

KW - Instrumental comparison

KW - LII

KW - MAAP

KW - Marine engine emissions

KW - PAS

KW - Smoke meter

U2 - 10.3390/atmos13010031

DO - 10.3390/atmos13010031

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85121847310

SN - 2073-4433

VL - 13

JO - Atmosphere

JF - Atmosphere

IS - 1

M1 - 31

ER -

Suitability of different methods for measuring black carbon emissions from marine engines

Abstract

Funding

UN SDGs

Keywords

Publication forum classification

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Access to Document

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Cite this