The impact of digital channels on public health services to enhance city resilience during the public health emergency response in Thailand (2020–2023)

Watcharaporn Chutarong; Roongaroon Thammalikhit; Anurak Sawangwong; Yuqian Guo; Muhammad Fawad; Supaporn Lonapalawong; Weiwen Zhang

doi:10.1186/s12913-025-13480-4

The impact of digital channels on public health services to enhance city resilience during the public health emergency response in Thailand (2020–2023)

Watcharaporn Chutarong, Roongaroon Thammalikhit, Anurak Sawangwong, Yuqian Guo, Muhammad Fawad, Supaporn Lonapalawong, Weiwen Zhang

Health Sciences

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Scientific › peer-review

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Abstract

Background

This study examines the impact of digital channels on public healthservices and their role in enhancing city resilience.

Methods

Conducted in Thailand, this study employed an online questionnairedistributed in both Thai and English from December 2023 to February 2024. Atotal of 824 valid responses from Thai nationals and foreigners were analyzed.Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structuralequation modeling were performed using IBM SPSS 23 and AMOS 23.

Results

Digital channels have a strong positive direct effect on public healthservices (β = 0.70, p < 0.001), public health serviceshave a strong positive direct effect on resilient cities (β = 0.69, p < 0.001),and digital channels have a low positive direct and a moderate positiveindirect effect on resilient cities (β = 0.19, p < 0.001,and β = 0.48, p < 0.001, respectively). The modeldemonstrated excellent fit with the empirical data: X²/df = 2.189,CFI = 0.954, GFI = 0.900, NFI = 0.919, TLI = 0.946, RMSEA = 0.038, andRMR = 0.047.

Conclusions

Digital channels are critical tools for collecting, analyzing, anddisseminating public health service data. They improve public health servicesacross five dimensions—product, facility, service, process, and price—whilealso strengthening city resilience in disaster management, economic stability,quality of life, and institutional capacity.

Original language	English
Article number	1249
Journal	BMC Health Services Research
Volume	25
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-025-13480-4
Publication status	Published - Dec 2025
Publication type	A1 Journal article-refereed

Publication forum classification

Publication forum level 2

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1186/s12913-025-13480-4Licence: CC BY

The impact of digital channels on public health services to enhance city resilience during the public health emergency response in Thailand (2020–2023)Final published version, 2.58 MBLicence: CC BY

https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:tuni-202510079701Licence: CC BY

Cite this

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title = "The impact of digital channels on public health services to enhance city resilience during the public health emergency response in Thailand (2020–2023)",

abstract = "BackgroundThis study examines the impact of digital channels on public healthservices and their role in enhancing city resilience.MethodsConducted in Thailand, this study employed an online questionnairedistributed in both Thai and English from December 2023 to February 2024. Atotal of 824 valid responses from Thai nationals and foreigners were analyzed.Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structuralequation modeling were performed using IBM SPSS 23 and AMOS 23.ResultsDigital channels have a strong positive direct effect on public healthservices (β = 0.70, p < 0.001), public health serviceshave a strong positive direct effect on resilient cities (β = 0.69, p < 0.001),and digital channels have a low positive direct and a moderate positiveindirect effect on resilient cities (β = 0.19, p < 0.001,and β = 0.48, p < 0.001, respectively). The modeldemonstrated excellent fit with the empirical data: X2/df = 2.189,CFI = 0.954, GFI = 0.900, NFI = 0.919, TLI = 0.946, RMSEA = 0.038, andRMR = 0.047.ConclusionsDigital channels are critical tools for collecting, analyzing, anddisseminating public health service data. They improve public health servicesacross five dimensions—product, facility, service, process, and price—whilealso strengthening city resilience in disaster management, economic stability,quality of life, and institutional capacity.",

author = "Watcharaporn Chutarong and Roongaroon Thammalikhit and Anurak Sawangwong and Yuqian Guo and Muhammad Fawad and Supaporn Lonapalawong and Weiwen Zhang",

year = "2025",

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doi = "10.1186/s12913-025-13480-4",

language = "English",

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journal = "BMC Health Services Research",

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The impact of digital channels on public health services to enhance city resilience during the public health emergency response in Thailand (2020–2023). / Chutarong, Watcharaporn; Thammalikhit, Roongaroon; Sawangwong, Anurak et al.
In: BMC Health Services Research, Vol. 25, No. 1, 1249, 12.2025.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Scientific › peer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - The impact of digital channels on public health services to enhance city resilience during the public health emergency response in Thailand (2020–2023)

AU - Chutarong, Watcharaporn

AU - Thammalikhit, Roongaroon

AU - Sawangwong, Anurak

AU - Guo, Yuqian

AU - Fawad, Muhammad

AU - Lonapalawong, Supaporn

AU - Zhang, Weiwen

PY - 2025/12

Y1 - 2025/12

N2 - BackgroundThis study examines the impact of digital channels on public healthservices and their role in enhancing city resilience.MethodsConducted in Thailand, this study employed an online questionnairedistributed in both Thai and English from December 2023 to February 2024. Atotal of 824 valid responses from Thai nationals and foreigners were analyzed.Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structuralequation modeling were performed using IBM SPSS 23 and AMOS 23.ResultsDigital channels have a strong positive direct effect on public healthservices (β = 0.70, p < 0.001), public health serviceshave a strong positive direct effect on resilient cities (β = 0.69, p < 0.001),and digital channels have a low positive direct and a moderate positiveindirect effect on resilient cities (β = 0.19, p < 0.001,and β = 0.48, p < 0.001, respectively). The modeldemonstrated excellent fit with the empirical data: X2/df = 2.189,CFI = 0.954, GFI = 0.900, NFI = 0.919, TLI = 0.946, RMSEA = 0.038, andRMR = 0.047.ConclusionsDigital channels are critical tools for collecting, analyzing, anddisseminating public health service data. They improve public health servicesacross five dimensions—product, facility, service, process, and price—whilealso strengthening city resilience in disaster management, economic stability,quality of life, and institutional capacity.

AB - BackgroundThis study examines the impact of digital channels on public healthservices and their role in enhancing city resilience.MethodsConducted in Thailand, this study employed an online questionnairedistributed in both Thai and English from December 2023 to February 2024. Atotal of 824 valid responses from Thai nationals and foreigners were analyzed.Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structuralequation modeling were performed using IBM SPSS 23 and AMOS 23.ResultsDigital channels have a strong positive direct effect on public healthservices (β = 0.70, p < 0.001), public health serviceshave a strong positive direct effect on resilient cities (β = 0.69, p < 0.001),and digital channels have a low positive direct and a moderate positiveindirect effect on resilient cities (β = 0.19, p < 0.001,and β = 0.48, p < 0.001, respectively). The modeldemonstrated excellent fit with the empirical data: X2/df = 2.189,CFI = 0.954, GFI = 0.900, NFI = 0.919, TLI = 0.946, RMSEA = 0.038, andRMR = 0.047.ConclusionsDigital channels are critical tools for collecting, analyzing, anddisseminating public health service data. They improve public health servicesacross five dimensions—product, facility, service, process, and price—whilealso strengthening city resilience in disaster management, economic stability,quality of life, and institutional capacity.

U2 - 10.1186/s12913-025-13480-4

DO - 10.1186/s12913-025-13480-4

M3 - Article

SN - 1472-6963

VL - 25

JO - BMC Health Services Research

JF - BMC Health Services Research

IS - 1

M1 - 1249

ER -

The impact of digital channels on public health services to enhance city resilience during the public health emergency response in Thailand (2020–2023)

Abstract

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