TY - JOUR
T1 - The Iranian Study of Opium and Cancer (IROPICAN)
T2 - Rationale, design, and initial findings
AU - Hadji, Maryam
AU - Rashidian, Hamideh
AU - Marzban, Maryam
AU - Gholipour, Mahin
AU - Naghibzadeh-Tahami, Ahmad
AU - Mohebbi, Elham
AU - Ebrahimi, Elmira
AU - Hosseini, Bayan
AU - Haghdoost, Ali Akbar
AU - Rezaianzadeh, Abbas
AU - Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin
AU - Moradi, Abdolvahab
AU - Seyyedsalehi, Monireh Sadat
AU - Shirkoohi, Reza
AU - Poustchi, Hossein
AU - Eghtesad, Sareh
AU - Najafi, Farid
AU - Safari-Faramani, Roya
AU - Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza
AU - Moghadam, Ali Reza Ansari
AU - Bakhshi, Mahdieh
AU - Nejatizadeh, Azim
AU - Mahmudi, Masumeh
AU - Shahid-Sales, Soudabeh
AU - Ahmadi-Simab, Saideh
AU - Nabavian, Omid
AU - Boffetta, Paolo
AU - Pukkala, Eero
AU - Weiderpass, Elisabete
AU - Kamangar, Farin
AU - Zendehdel, Kazem
N1 - Funding Information:
The IROPICAN study was funded by the National Institute for Medical Research Development (NIMAD) (grant number: 940045). In addition, this paper uses elements of the theses of two PhD students, Maryam Marzban funded by Fars University of Medical Sciences (grant number: 94 7650), and Hamideh Rashidian funded by Kerman University of Medical Sciences (grant number: 9421). Also, we would like to thank the Clinical Research Development Center of the Persian Gulf Martyrs Hospital affiliated to Bushehr University of Medical Sciences and all other hospitals in different provinces hosting the project, which facilitated the study.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Author(s).
PY - 2021
Y1 - 2021
N2 - Background: The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) recently classified opium use as a Group 1 carcinogen. However, much remains to be studied on the relation between opium and cancer. We designed the Iranian Opium and Cancer (IROPICAN) study to further investigate the association of opium use and cancers of the head and neck, bladder, lung, and colon and rectum. In this paper, we describe the rationale, design, and some initial results of the IROPICAN Study. Methods: The IROPICAN is a multi-center case-control study conducted in 10 provinces of Iran. The cases were all histologically confirmed and the controls were selected from hospital visitors who were free of cancer, were not family members or friends of the cancer patients, and were visiting the hospital for reasons other than their own ailment. The questionnaires included detailed questions on opium use (including age at initiation, duration, frequency, typical amount, and route), and potential confounders, such as tobacco use (e.g., cigarettes, nass and water-pipe), and dietary factors. Biological samples, including blood and saliva, were also collected. Results: The validation and pilot phases showed reasonably good validity, with sensitivities of 70% and 69% for the cases and controls, respectively, in reporting opium use. The results also showed excellent reliability, with intra-class correlation coefficients of 0.96 for ever opium use and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.80, 0.92) for regular opium use. In the main phase, we recruited 3299 cancer cases (99% response rate) and 3477 hospital visitor controls (89% response rate). The proportion of ever-use of opium was 40% among cases and 18% among controls. Conclusion: The IROPICAN study will serve as a major resource in studies addressing the effect of opium on risk of cancers of the head and neck, bladder, lung, and colon and rectum.
AB - Background: The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) recently classified opium use as a Group 1 carcinogen. However, much remains to be studied on the relation between opium and cancer. We designed the Iranian Opium and Cancer (IROPICAN) study to further investigate the association of opium use and cancers of the head and neck, bladder, lung, and colon and rectum. In this paper, we describe the rationale, design, and some initial results of the IROPICAN Study. Methods: The IROPICAN is a multi-center case-control study conducted in 10 provinces of Iran. The cases were all histologically confirmed and the controls were selected from hospital visitors who were free of cancer, were not family members or friends of the cancer patients, and were visiting the hospital for reasons other than their own ailment. The questionnaires included detailed questions on opium use (including age at initiation, duration, frequency, typical amount, and route), and potential confounders, such as tobacco use (e.g., cigarettes, nass and water-pipe), and dietary factors. Biological samples, including blood and saliva, were also collected. Results: The validation and pilot phases showed reasonably good validity, with sensitivities of 70% and 69% for the cases and controls, respectively, in reporting opium use. The results also showed excellent reliability, with intra-class correlation coefficients of 0.96 for ever opium use and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.80, 0.92) for regular opium use. In the main phase, we recruited 3299 cancer cases (99% response rate) and 3477 hospital visitor controls (89% response rate). The proportion of ever-use of opium was 40% among cases and 18% among controls. Conclusion: The IROPICAN study will serve as a major resource in studies addressing the effect of opium on risk of cancers of the head and neck, bladder, lung, and colon and rectum.
KW - Bladder cancer
KW - Colorectal cancer
KW - Head and neck cancer
KW - Lung cancer
KW - Opium
KW - Protocol
U2 - 10.34172/aim.2021.27
DO - 10.34172/aim.2021.27
M3 - Article
C2 - 33878874
AN - SCOPUS:85105074522
SN - 1029-2977
VL - 24
SP - 167
EP - 176
JO - ARCHIVES OF IRANIAN MEDICINE
JF - ARCHIVES OF IRANIAN MEDICINE
IS - 3
ER -
