Fluorescent protein-based FRET sensor for intracellular monitoring of redox status in bacteria at single cell level

Monitoring of intracellular redox status in a bacterial cell provides vital information about the physiological status of the cell, which can be exploited in several applications such as metabolic engineering and computational modeling. Fluorescent protein-based genetically encoded sensors can be used to monitor intracellular oxidation/reduction status. This study reports the development of a redox sensor for intracellular measurements using fluorescent protein pairs and the phenomenon of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). For the development of the sensor, fluorescent proteins Citrine and Cerulean were genetically modified to carry reactive cysteine residues on the protein surface close to the chromophore and a constructed FRET pair was fused using a biotinylation domain as a linker. In oxidized state, the FRET pairs are in close proximity by labile disulfide bond formation resulting in higher FRET efficiency. In reducing environment, the FRET is diminished due to the increased distance between FRET pairs providing large dynamic measurement range to the sensor. Intracellular studies in Escherichia coli mutants revealed the capability of the sensor in detecting real-time redox variations at single cell level. The results were validated by intensity based and time resolved measurements. The functional immobilization of the fluorescent protein-based FRET sensor at solid surfaces for in vitro applications was also demonstrated. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]