Multi-factor authentication: A survey and challenges in V2X applications

Today, the digitalization strides tremendously on all the sides of the modern society. One of the enablers to keep this process secure is the authentication. It touches many different areas of the connected world including payments, communications, and access right management. This manuscript attempts to shed the light on the authentication systems' evolution towards Multi-factor Authentication (MFA) from Singlefactor Authentication (SFA) and through Two-factor Authentication (2FA). Particularly, MFA is expected to be utilized for the user and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) interaction which is selected as descriptive scenario. The manuscript is focused on already available and potentially integrated sensors (factor providers) to authenticate the occupant from inside the vehicle. The survey on existing vehicular systems suitable for MFA is given. Finally, the MFA system based on reversed Lagrange polynomial, utilized in Shamir's Secret Sharing (SSS), was proposed to enable flexible in-car authentication. The solution was further extended covering the cases of authenticating the user even if some of the factors are mismatched or absent. The framework allows to qualify the missing factor and authenticate the user without providing the sensitive biometric data to the verification entity. The proposed is finally compared to conventional SSS.