Municipal services and modern citizenship in Helsinki in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, cities played a crucial role in shaping modern citizenship in the Nordic countries. Significant investments, both public and private, were made in infrastructure and services, leading to economic growth and an improved quality of life for city residents. The availability of utility networks such as water, gas and electricity, along with critical welfare services like primary education and healthcare, became increasingly associated with the life of modern urban citizens. Despite this progress, not all urban residents had equal access to these services. This chapter focuses on Helsinki and explores how municipal infrastructure and other services were closely tied to broader urban changes and the processes of inclusion and exclusion. The study examines the groups that were considered full members of the urban community with complete access to essential services, those that were gradually integrated, and those that remained excluded from the urban community even in the early twentieth century.