Optimal emission enhancement in orthogonal double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Abstract Orthogonal double-pulse (DP) laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was performed using reheating and pre-ablative configurations. The ablation pulse power density was varied by two orders of magnitude and the DP experiments were carried out for a wide range of interpulse delays. For both DP-LIBS schemes, the signal enhancement was evaluated with respect to the corresponding single-pulse (SP) LIBS as a function of the interpulse delay. The reheating scheme shows a sharp maximum signal enhancement of up to 200-fold for low ablative power densities (0.4 GW cm^{- 2}); however, for power densities larger than 10 GW cm^{- 2} this configuration did not improve the SP outcome. On the other hand, a more uniform signal enhancement of about 4-6 was obtained for the pre-ablative scheme nearly independently of the used ablative power density. In terms of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) the pre-ablative scheme shows a monotonic increment with the ablative power density. Whereas the reheating configuration reaches a maximum at 2.2 GW cm^{- 2}, its enhancement effect collapses markedly for fluencies above 10 GW cm^{- 2}.